1. INTRODUCTION
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are the summit of a submarine mountain lying in a large tectonic sewing zone extending from the eastern Himalayas to the Arakan along the Myanmar border and finally to the lower Sumatra and Sundae. The archipelago is made up of 572 islands, islands and boulders, but there are 352 important islands comprising the main Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the Ritches Islands and the volcanic islands of Narcondam and Barren. The islands are spread over 8,249 square kilometers, of which 6,408 sq km are occupied by the Andaman group and 1,841 square kilometers by the Nicobar Islands group. The Andaman group comprises 324 islands of which 24 are inhabited while the Nicobar group includes 28 islands of which 12 are inhabited. Grouping topography and valley of intervention characterizes this Archiepelago physiography. There are several rainfall streams, which are dry during the summer. All the major islands support lush, evergreen, moist, and littoral growth of evergreens from the water's edge to the top of the mountain depending on the topography and nature of the land. For administrative purposes, the Islands are divided into two districts, the Andaman and Nicobar. There are 204 villages of which 197 are in the Andaman District. Andaman and Nicobar have a good economic recovery through the Tourism Industry due to its rich natural beauty and natural resources. At the same time, the islands are facing problems such as population growth, commercial development and consequently acute acute shortages.
The growing energy needs of the islands need to be considered in the long-term Master Plan even in the state. Dependence should be on local sources - biomass and other resources on the islands as well as on ocean and atmospheric renewable resources. In this regard, it is possible that the technology that can be developed and perfected for the islands can serve as a catalyst for national programs as well. Bio mass production can be done on an accelerated scale under very good conditions. Solar, tidal sources and wind can be very important. Sources from the ocean pose new challenges to our scientists and technicians. When agricultural production, industrial development and economic exploitation of the oceans go hand in hand, energy problems may become a hindrance if improper measures are taken at that time (Qasim 1998).
Power may be a serious constraint. Except for sources found on the island, thermal power stations using coal or diesel oil may be very expensive. Also the pollution arising from the fuel could damage the island's natural resources. The possibility of hydro power is limited due to the irregular nature of the river. In this context, it may be necessary to explore alternative energy sources seriously. The three possible outcomes are geothermal, wind energy and ocean heat conversion (OTEC). Given the origins of volcanic islands, it is possible that suitable geothermal sites for large-scale power generation may be available. OTEC is planned for the Lakshadweep Islands. It is possible that the OTEC site should be explored for Andamans as well. In addition, very few attempts have been made to explore the use of wind energy. Sites suitable for good wind energy can be targeted using satellite technology to promote wind mills (Qasim 1998).
In order to relieve the pressure on land and water sources due to the increase in population of the currently inhabited islands it is possible to move part of this population to an uninhabited island after the creation of needed facilities needs to be examined. On some of these islands both solar and wind energy are available at exploitable levels. The use of Photovoltaic solar cells and wind mills for power generation will go a long way in their development. Capacity to produce wind power systems ranges from 100 watts to 4 megawatts. The system requires installation of generators with rotor, tower, battery bank and control unit. Generators with an average capacity of 500 W with a 5 m diameter rotator and 10 years life can cost Rs. 10,00,000 (TEDA 1999). These systems can benefit beach resorts as these areas are generally exposed to wind. Average wind speeds greater than 4m per second are required if wind power is economically feasible. In this case, wind generators are often cheaper than solar PV and diesel generators. Skilled technicians are required to install and maintain the system. Maintenance requires regular inspection and access to new parts (Huttche et al. 2002).
Because of the important relationship between available power and wind speed, the turbine must be suitable to allow free movement of the wind. Wind energy is a very attractive way to generate electricity as it is essentially pollution free. More than half of all electricity used in India is from coal burning, and in the process, large quantities of toxic metals, air pollutants and greenhouse gases are emitted into the atmosphere. The 10% development of wind potential in the 10 most powerful Indian states will provide more energy to replace emissions from the national coal-fired power plants and eliminate major sources of acid rain; reduce carbon dioxide emissions (most important greenhouse gases); and helps to cover the spread of asthma and other respiratory diseases that are aggravated or caused by air pollution in the country. If wind energy provided 20% of the country's electricity, a very realistic and achievable goal with current technology, it could replace more than one-third of emissions from coal-fired power plants, or all radioactive waste and water pollution from nuclear power plants. Table 1 shows the wind power installed in India.
Any island development plan should be based on long-term needs, taking into account living and non-living natural resources, ecological status, natural beauty and development conditions in the region. This requires a reliable and up-to-date database of natural resources and their distribution over space. With conventional methods, the data obtained is often time consuming and less accessible. Remote sensing technology with a unified and biased data collection system has the ability to provide much-needed information in large areas in a single synoptic, short-term, and long-term view. For inaccessible areas this is the only source of data collection. Therefore to identify the site for the wind plant as a pilot project for North Passage Island, Remote Sensing and GIS techniques were used.
To recommend the site for windmills using Remote Sensing and GIS the following criteria have been adopted:
1. Normal area of slope and slope less than 5 °
2. Minimum canopy protection with tree height should be less than 40m
3. The surrounding area should have a height of less than 60m
4. The flowing side is best suited to the leaward side
5. Open the beach as a mountain cliff that produces a funnel effect
6. The valley-shaped 'U'; with good wind speed
State On 31.03.2002 On 31.03.2003 On 31.01.2004
Demonstration Project (MW) Private Sector Project (MW) Total Capacity (MW)
Demonstration Project (MW) Private Sector Project (MW) Total Capacity (MW) (MW)
Andhra Pradesh 5.4 87.2 92.6 5.4 87.2 92.6 92.8
Gujarat 17.3 149.6 166.9 17.3 155.8 173.1 201.2
Karnataka 2.6 66 68.6 2.6 121.7 124.3 177.5
Kerala 2 - 2 2 0 2 2
Madhya Pradesh 0.6 22 22.6 0.6 22 22.6 22.6
Maharashtra 6.4 392.8 399.2 8.4 392.8 401.2 401.3
Rajasthan 6.4 9.7 16.1 6.4 54.3 60.7 109
Tamil Nadu 19.4 838.1 857.5 19.4 970.9 990.3 1119.7
West Bengal 1.1 - 1.1 1.1 0 1.1 1.1
Other 1.6 - 1.6 1.6 0 1.6 -
Total (All India) 62.8 1565.4 1628.2 64.8 1804.7 1869.5 2117.2
Source: TADA (1999)
Table 1: The installed capacity of the country's wind power in India
2. STUDY STUDY
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are located in the Bay of Bengal at 6 ° and 14 ° N, 92 ° and 94 ° E. For administrative purposes, the Islands are divided into two districts, the Andaman and Nicobar. The first is made up of two sections, the Southern Andaman and Mayabunder, which consists of four tahsil. Nicobar district is divided into Car Nicobar and Nancowry tahsil. The four tahsil in the Andaman area are Diglipur, Mayabunder, Rangat and South Andaman. The Southern Andamanese Tahsil continued to be divided into two tahsils namely Port Blair and Ferrargunj. Currently 36 islands in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are inhabited. Population of census in 1991 was 2,80,661 and in 2001, there were more than 3,50,000 census in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Of the population, the majority (90%) were settlers from outside the island.
3. METHODOLOGY
GIS mapping methods are used to identify and map sites with potential wind power on North Passage Island. Using Arc View GIS software, thematic maps such as landuse, 3-d elevation models, and slopes have been digitized, corrected, analyzed and integrated to identify sites suitable for windmill construction.
4. DECISION AND DISCUSSION
The fluid (air) that drives the rotor is less dense than water, and so the rotor diameter must be much larger than the hydraulic turbine rotor. A hydro-turbine capable of producing one megawatt (MW) of power will be several meters in diameter - a 1-MW wind turbine will be about 54 meters across. Second, wind energy is available from geographical distances much larger than hydro power according to AWEA 2003.
Good wind speed is important. Wind-borne energy is a function of its speed cube (Jeyakumar et.al., 2002). This means that sites with 12-mph average winds have more than 70% more energy than sites with average winds of 10 mph.
The resulting wind power varies with the wind speed cube. Air mass (m) with speed (v) and density (d) flowing through each unit of time through area (A) swept by a conventional horizontal axis wind turbine blade is dAV. Therefore, the kinetic energy of the air mass is given by 1 / 2mV2 = 1 / 2dAV3. Therefore, it is very important to find windfarms in areas with high average wind speeds. Wind speed increases with altitude above ground; it also increases in open areas (seas, large lakes, etc.). It has been observed that for wind power development, sites with average wind speeds of 6.5 to 8 m / sec are ideal sites (Suneel 1995). The wind power density observed in the Andaman Islands ranges from 55.30 to 106.60 W / M2.
Using remote sensing and GIS for site selection for windmills has many advantages such as reducing time, cost and labor to find wind monitoring stations, providing pre-determined knowledge of finding wind monitoring stations, accessible areas to be identified, integrated and researched perspectives can enhance the potential of scientific research for windmill site locations. Table 2 shows the island's smart wind monitoring data for potential sites in the Andaman & Nicobar Islands. One of the best sites for locating a wind machine is a smooth, rounded hill with gentle slopes located on a flat plateau. A site located on an island in a lake or sea is usually a very good site; open the plains, the coastline open as a cliff that produces a wind tunnel is good. The proposed windmill site will fall in extension and longitude 12 ° 17 & # 39; 00.50 "N - 12 ° 17 & # 39; 54.94" N and 92 ° 55 & # 39; 53.74 "E - 92 ° 56 & # 39; 06.62 "E (Figure 1). The proposed site area is 50 hectares. About 5-MW of electricity can be generated in this area.
S.No Electrical Training Latitude Wind power density (W / M2) at 20m Height
1 10 ° 34 "92 ° 26" South Bay 106.60
2 08 ° 15 "93 ° 08" Oil 62.60
3 08 ° 13 "93 ° 10" Chukmachi 66.20
4 13 ° 14 "92 ° 57" Ramkrishnagram 55.30
5 12 ° 53 "92 ° 54" Box 63.10
6 11 ° 39 "92 ° 45" Barkath Line 63.00
7 11 ° 40 "92 ° 44" Phoenix bay 68.50
Source: CWET 2000
Table 2. Smart island monitoring stations in Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Wind monitoring stations reporting in places such as Ramakrishnagram, Pokkadero, Phoenix Bay, Barkath lines, South Bay, Oil and Chukmachi show general wind direction south - SW and its power changes from 55.30 W / M2 to 106.20
W / m2 (Figure 2). Low wind energy is observed on the mainland while on the high wind coast. In addition, the wind portion of the altitude has the maximum wind energy while the wind side of the wind is reduced due to thick canopy cover and wind propagation due to high altitude.
In general, small islands located on the banks of larger islands with altitudes greater than 60m cannot be recommended for windmills because of the elevation and canopy effects. Whereas the North Passage Island is surrounded by islands such as Baratang in the East, Andaman Central in the North and the Straits in the South. Although it is surrounded by the highest islands, the geographical location is ideal for windmills. The eastern portion of the northbound lane has access, the Homfrey strait. It acts as a funnel for wind flow. The altitude of the island is less than 60m and about 7 km away from Baratang island beach. Therefore, the island has an excellent geographical location to use for windmill construction.
For North Passage Island slope analysis was performed using Arc View GIS software revealing that the majority of the island is within 10 ° slope. The recommended area for erosion is in the 5 ° slope. This slope is best suited for setting up a continuous wind mill in the area. The topography of the study area shows that there is a U-shaped valley located between the north and east of the island. The altitude of the northern part of the island is 64 meters and the east side of the island is 84 meters. This area is surrounded by seas and the amount of airflow that is worth noting is due to this U-shaped topography. Continuous wind action makes this area ideal for setting up a wind mill. Due to the U-shaped valley and its proximity to the sea, the wind action has been good.
The energy generated through this windmill can be transferred to the nearest inhabited islands. The following islands are the closest inhabited islands from the North Passage Island (Figure 3). The distance from North Passage to Long Island is 7.8 km, the Strait is 8.3 km, Baratang is 15.11 km and Andaman North is 11.9 km. The implementation of this study will be very useful for the residents of this island as well as the nearby islands.
5. CONCLUSION
This study investigates the potential of satellite technology to identify sites for windmill construction. The use of ArcGIS software for integrating thematic information such as geomorphology, wind, landuse and others through satellite imagery, field survey data and other nature information improves research and improves its accuracy. Similar studies can be attempted elsewhere in the Andaman Islands where airflow is free and possibly along the windward side of the island, the western part of Andaman.
APPRECIATION
The authors are grateful to the Ministry of Environment and Forestry for providing funding support and to the Director, CWET, Chennai for providing the relevant information to confirm this study.
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